Relay-Based Cooperative Routing for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of sensor nodes with limited resources, which cooperatively monitor environmental conditions and transmit data to a node at sink. Efficient routing is essential in WSNs to ensure reliable data delivery while minimizing energy consumption. In this work, a Relay-Based Cooperative Routing (RBCR) protocol is proposed to enhance communication reliability and energy efficiency in WSNs. The proposed protocol employs cooperative communication where selected relay nodes assist in forwarding data packets from the source to the destination. To identify optimal relay nodes for packet transmission, an effective relay selection mechanism is used based on residual energy, link quality and distance to the sink. The RBCR protocol performance is evaluated using the NS-2 simulation environment and compared with a conventional routing protocol. Simulation results shows that the proposed protocol achieves high packet delivery ratio (PDR) and throughput by reducing energy consumption and end-to-end delay, thereby extending the overall network lifetime. The results show that the RBCR protocol provides an effective and reliable routing solution for improving performance in the wireless sensor networks.
References
[2] S. K. Singh, M. P. Singh, and D. K. Singh, “Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey,” International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 63–83, 2010.
[3] S. Sharma and S. K. Jena, “A survey on secure hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Communication Systems and Network Technologies, pp. 146–151, 2011.
[4] S. Mumtaz, J. Rodriguez, and L. Dai, “Cooperative communications for wireless networks: Techniques and applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1359–1382, 2016.
[5] A. A. Abbasi and M. Younis, “A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 30, no. 14–15, pp. 2826–2841, 2007.
[6] H. Yetgin, K. T. K. Cheung, M. El-Hajjar, and L. H. Hanzo, “A survey of network lifetime maximization techniques in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 828–854, 2017.
[7] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, “Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 6–28, 2004.
[8] Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and W. Sun, “Energy-efficient cooperative routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 158234–158245, 2020.
[9] M. K. Rafsanjani and M. H. Yaghmaee, “Relay selection strategies in cooperative wireless sensor networks: A survey,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1–24, 2021.
[10] S. Verma, N. Sood, and A. K. Sharma, “Energy-efficient relay-assisted routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 24567–24578, 2022.
[11] R. A. Ramadan, “Energy-efficient and reliable routing for real-time communication in wireless sensor networks,” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 13959–13966, 2024.
[12] M. Wang, Z. Zhu, Y. Wang, and S. Xie, “Energy-efficient and highly reliable geographic routing based on link detection and node collaborative scheduling in wireless sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1–19, 2024.
[13] R. Batool, N. Bibi, S. Alhazmi, and N. Muhammad, “Secure cooperative routing in wireless sensor networks,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–20, 2024.
[14] H. Zhang, L. Chen, and Y. Liu, “Adaptive cooperative routing transmission for energy heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,” Physical Communication, vol. 47, pp. 1–11, 2021.
[15] K. Amron, W. M. Kusumawinahyu, S. Anam, and W. F. Mahmudy, “Reliable wireless sensor network planning with multipath topology through relay placement optimization,” Journal of Robotics and Control, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 123–131, 2023.
[16] A. P. Kumar, S. R. Sunitha, C. M. Chaithra, S. Dhananjaya, and K. M. Nandini, “An energy-efficient and secure WSN routing protocol using Bayesian networks and elitist genetic algorithms,” Journal of Electrical Systems and Automation, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1–15, 2024.
[17] R. Yang, M. A. Patil, P. Narayana, D. Jayaram, and K. Keerthi, “EDSSR: A secure and power-aware opportunistic routing scheme for wireless sensor networks,” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, pp. 28625, 2024.
[18] S. Annie, T. Laya, V. S. Kulkarni, U. Ananthanagu, and N. Sowmya, “Energy efficient routing algorithm using zone-based hybrid cluster chain approach in wireless sensor networks,” IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 654–663, 2024.
[19] A. M. Sheikh and S. Joshi, “Improved smart energy-based routing approach for IoT networks in wireless sensor nodes,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 71, pp. 103, 2024.
[20] R. Priyadarshi, R. R. Kumar, and P. V. Kumar, “AI-based routing algorithms improve energy efficiency, latency, and data reliability in
wireless sensor networks,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, pp. 22292, 2025.
To ensure uniformity of treatment among all contributors, other forms may not be substituted for this form, nor may any wording of the form be changed. This form is intended for original material submitted to AJCT and must accompany any such material in order to be published by AJCT. Please read the form carefully.
The undersigned hereby assigns to the Asian Journal of Convergence in Technology Issues ("AJCT") all rights under copyright that may exist in and to the above Work, any revised or expanded derivative works submitted to AJCT by the undersigned based on the Work, and any associated written, audio and/or visual presentations or other enhancements accompanying the Work. The undersigned hereby warrants that the Work is original and that he/she is the author of the Work; to the extent the Work incorporates text passages, figures, data or other material from the works of others, the undersigned has obtained any necessary permission. See Retained Rights, below.
AUTHOR RESPONSIBILITIES
AJCT distributes its technical publications throughout the world and wants to ensure that the material submitted to its publications is properly available to the readership of those publications. Authors must ensure that The Work is their own and is original. It is the responsibility of the authors, not AJCT, to determine whether disclosure of their material requires the prior consent of other parties and, if so, to obtain it.
RETAINED RIGHTS/TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Authors/employers retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
2. Authors/employers may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce The Work and for the author's personal use or for company or organizational use, provided that the source and any AJCT copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies AJCT endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
3. Authors/employers may make limited distribution of all or portions of the Work prior to publication if they inform AJCT in advance of the nature and extent of such limited distribution.
4. For all uses not covered by items 2 and 3, authors/employers must request permission from AJCT.
5. Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the Work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS
AJCT Copyright Ownership
It is the formal policy of AJCT to own the copyrights to all copyrightable material in its technical publications and to the individual contributions contained therein, in order to protect the interests of AJCT, its authors and their employers, and, at the same time, to facilitate the appropriate re-use of this material by others.
Author/Employer Rights
If you are employed and prepared the Work on a subject within the scope of your employment, the copyright in the Work belongs to your employer as a work-for-hire. In that case, AJCT assumes that when you sign this Form, you are authorized to do so by your employer and that your employer has consented to the transfer of copyright, to the representation and warranty of publication rights, and to all other terms and conditions of this Form. If such authorization and consent has not been given to you, an authorized representative of your employer should sign this Form as the Author.
Reprint/Republication Policy
AJCT requires that the consent of the first-named author and employer be sought as a condition to granting reprint or republication rights to others or for permitting use of a Work for promotion or marketing purposes.
GENERAL TERMS
1. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment.
2. The undersigned agrees to indemnify and hold harmless AJCT from any damage or expense that may arise in the event of a breach of any of the warranties set forth above.
3. In the event the above work is accepted and published by AJCT and consequently withdrawn by the author(s), the foregoing copyright transfer shall become null and void and all materials embodying the Work submitted to AJCT will be destroyed.
4. For jointly authored Works, all joint authors should sign, or one of the authors should sign as authorized agent
for the others.
Licenced by :
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
